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Ceolwulf II of Mercia
Ceolwulf II (died c. 879) was the last king of independent Mercia.〔Williams, Ceolwulf〕 He succeeded Burgred of Mercia who was deposed by the Vikings in 874. His reign is generally dated 874 to 879 based on a Mercian regnal list which gives him a reign of five years, but D. P. Kirby argues that he probably reigned into the early 880s. By 883 he had been replaced by Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, who became ruler of Mercia under the lordship of Alfred the Great, king of Wessex.〔Miller, Ceolwulf II〕〔Kirby, p. 176〕
==Dynastic background==
On anthroponymic grounds, Ceolwulf is thought to belong to the ''C'' dynasty of Mercian kings, a family which claimed descent from Pybba of Mercia. The ''C'' dynasty, beginning with Coenwulf, may have had ties to the ruling family of Hwicce in south-west Mercia.〔The tie to Pybba was through an unknown son named Cenwalh. Pybba's daughter married Cenwalh of Wessex. Later genealogists may have turned a son by marriage into a son of the blood; Woolf, pp. 151–152. The alternative is that the relationship is contrived and the ''C'' dynasty descended from the royal house of the Hwicce; Zalockyj, p. 228.〕
Ceolwulf's immediate ancestry is unknown, but he is thought to be a descendant of Ceolwulf I through his daughter Ælfflæd. Ælfflæd was first married to Wigmund, son of King Wiglaf, and then to Beorhtfrith, son of King Beorhtwulf. Far from being "an unwise king's thane", it is clear that Ceolwulf was a descendant of previous kings. A number of thanes who witnessed charters under Burgred witnessed charters under Ceolwulf, and his charters were witnessed by Mercian bishops, testifying to his acceptance in Mercia.〔Walker, pp. 59–60, 208, Table 1; Zaluckiyj, p. 236, fig. 3, & p.247, sets out the theory whereby Ceolwulf is taken to be a younger brother of Wigstan of Mercia.〕
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